Molybdenum, uyo ni chisulo cha kusintha nambara 42 pa tebulo la nyengo, wakopa ŵanthu ŵanandi chifukwa chakuti wali na kemiko yapadera ndiposo wakugwiliskirika ntchito mu nthowa zakupambanapambana. Chimanyikwiro chake cha kemikali ni Mo, ndipo chikulongora siliva-kuwala kwa chisulo chituŵa ndipo nchakukhora ndiposo chakukhalilira. Molybdenum wakukhazikika pa msinkhu wa chipinda, wakunjira yayi mphepo ndipo wakuchitako yayi na kemiko na asidi wa hydrochloric panji hydrofluoric. Ici cikupangiska kuti ciŵe cakukhumbikwa comene mu minda yinandi.
Molybdenum, chinthu cha chisulo cha kusintha nambala 42 pa tebulo la nyengo, chomenechomene chilipo nga ni mchere wa molybdenite (MoS2) uwo ukusangika mwachilengedwe. Mineral iyi yakufewa ndiposo yakufipa yikumanyikwa kufuma waka pa nyengo yakale, kweni chifukwa chakuti yikuyana waka na minerals nga ni lead, galena, na graphite, vikuŵa vyakusuzga kuyipambaniska makora. Mu Chigiriki, "molybdos" likung'anamura mkuŵa, ndipo m'paka kuumaliro wa vilimika vya m'ma 1700, vitsulo viŵiri ivi vikaguliskikanga nanga nkhu msika wa ku Europe nga ni molybdenum ore.
Mu 1779, Scheele wakayezgayezga ndipo wakalongora kuti mkuŵa panji graphite na molybdenum ni vinthu vyakupambana. Wakawona kuti nitric acid yikuchitako yayi na graphite, kweni yikuchita vinthu na molybdenum ore kuti yiŵe ufu utuŵa. Kweniso para nitric acid na maji gha alkaline vyaphikika na kuzgoka kristalo, mchere ukaŵanga wakuthukira. Scheele wakasanga kuti ufu utuŵa uwu ukaŵa nadi wakupangika na chisulo, molybdenum oxide. Wakayezga kusazgako oxide iyi na makara na kuyitenthemeska pa moto wakutentha comene, ndipo wakapanga makora molybdenum wambura kupangika. Wakasangaso kuti para munthu wakutenthemeska molybdenum na sulfure, wakupanga molybdenum wakutowa chomene.
Mu 1782, Elmo, uyo wakagwiranga nchito ya kupanga migodi ku Sweden, wakayezga nthowa yiphya yakufumiskiramo molybdenum. Wakasazga makara, asidi wa molybdic, na mafuta gha linseed kuti wapature makora chisulo cha molybdenum kufuma ku chisulo cha molybdenum. Wakayithya kuti molybdenum, iyo yikaŵa na chimanyikwiro cha Mo. Ivyo ŵakasanga ivi vikamanyikwa na Berzelius, uyo wakasanga waka vinthu nga ni cerium, selenium, silicon, tantalum, na thorium yayi, kweni wakachitaso kafukufuku wakukwana pa katundu wa molybde.
Para chisulo cha molybdenum chikuwotcha mu mlengalenga, chikuŵala nga ni golide, ndipo ma ayoni gha molybdenum agho ghali mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana vya oxidation ghakulongora mitundu yakupambanapambana. Pamanyuma pa vyaka vyakujumpha 100 vya kufufuza, pakaŵavya mpaka mu 1893 apo Mawson wakasungunura chisakanizgo cha carbon na molybdenum trioxide mu ng’anjo ya magesi, ndipo wakapanga chisulo chakwamba chakuponyeka na molybdenum ya 92%-96%.
Nangauli molybdenum wakasangika vyaka vyakujumpha 200 ivyo vyajumpha, kweni kupangika kwake kukuru na kugwiliskira ntchito kukamba mu vilimika ivi, chomenechomene mu vyaka vyasonosono apa. Molybdenum na alloys zake zasangika kuti zikugwiriskirika nchito comene mu minda yinandi cifukwa ca nkhongono zake zikuru, nkhongono zake zakucepa zakuthukira, zikulongozga makora comene kutentha na magesi, ndiposo zikukhozga comene dzimbiri na kuvunda.
Molybdenum wakugwiriskirika ncito comene mu vitsulo vya aloyi, vitsulo vyambura zimbiri, vitsulo vyakugwiriskira ncito, na vitsulo vyakuponyeka, uko kukhumba molybdenum nkhwakukwana. Kusazgapo molybdenum kukupangiska kuti chisulo chambura zimbiri chileke kuvunda chomene, apo kusazgako molybdenum ku chisulo chakuponyeka kukupangiskaso kuti chiŵe chakukhora chomene ndiposo kuti chileke kuvunda. Kweniso, nickel -kukhazikika pa superalloys iyo yili na 18% ya molybdenum yili na ntchito zakuzirwa chomene mu mafakitale gha ndege. Malo ghawo ghakusungunuka ghapachanya, unandi wawo wakucepa, na coefficient yichoko ya kukura kwa kutentha vikuŵapangiska kuŵa ŵawemi pakupanga vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana vya kutentha kwapachanya-.
Molybdenum wakugwiliskirika ntchito chomene mu vya magesi, kusazgapo mu vya magesi nga ni machubu gha magesi, ma transistor, na ma rectifier. Waya wa molybdenum wakutowa nayo wali na ntchito zakuzirwa chomene mu ng'anjo zakutentha chomene, kupanga makina ghakufumiska magesi (EDM), na kudumura waya. Molybdenum wakugwiriskirikaso nchito pakupanga vipangizo vya pa wayilesi na X-ray, ndiposo mu mafakitale ghanyake gha aloyi na makemikolo.
Kusazgirako molybdenum ku vitsulo vya aloyi kungapangiska kuti viŵe na mphaka yakukhora comene, vileke kuŵa na dzimbiri, ndiposo viŵe na maginito ghambura kumara. Molybdenum oxide na molybdates vikugwira ntchito yikuru chomene nga ni vyakupangiska kuti vinthu viŵeko mu mafakitale gha makemikolo na mafuta. Kweniso, molybdenum disulfide ni mafuta ghakuzirwa chomene mu mafakitale gha ndege na makina. Kulimbana kwake kwapadera kwa sulfure kukupangiska kuti yipangiske kuti carbon monoxide yiŵe hydrogen ku moŵa mu nyengo zinyake.
Kugwiriskira ncito molybdenum kukukura nyengo zose, sono kukukhwaska vigaŵa vinandi, kusazgapo nkhongono za nyukiliya na nkhongono ziphya. Molybdenum nayo ni chinthu chakukhumbikwa chomene kuti vyakumera vikule ndipo nchakuzirwa chomene kuti vyakumera vikhaleko. Mu ulimi, molybdenum wakugwiriskirika nchito comene mu feteleza wa trace element kuti wapelekenge vyakurya vyakuzirwa comene ku vyakumera.
Molybdenum, chinthu icho chikovwira chomene pa mafakitale na ulimi, chikovwiraso mu thupi la munthu. Mulingo wose wa molybdenum mu thupi la munthu mulara uli pafupifupi 9 mg, ndipo chiwindi na impso ndivyo vikuŵa na molybdenum yinandi. Nchakuzirwa kumanya kuti Mo-99, iyo ni isotope ya molybdenum, yikugwiriskirika ncito mu vipatala kuti ŵanozge Technetium-99. Technetium-99, iyo ni isotope yankhongono comene, kanandi ŵakugwiliskira nchito pakupanga vithuzithuzi vya viŵaro vya mukati. Pa nyengo ya kujambura vithuzithuzi, Mo-99 kanandi wakukoleka na aluminiyamu oxide powder ndipo wakusungika mu chiŵiya chichoko waka. Apo Mo-99 wakuvunda, wakusintha na kuŵa Technetium-99, iyo pamanyuma ŵakugwiliskira ntchito pakupima matenda gha munkhwala.
Molybdenum wakasangika mu vilimika vya m’ma 1300, apo wakasangika pakwamba pakupanga malupanga gha ŵasamurai ŵa ku Japan, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵambe kugwiliskira ntchito pa nkhondo. Mu 1891, kampani ya ku France yakuchemeka Snyder yikapanga vinthu viphya mwa kugwiliskira ntchito molybdenum nga ni chinthu chakupangika na aloyi kuti yipangire vingwe vya nkhondo ivyo vikaŵa na molybdenum, ndipo yikagwiliskira ntchito nkhongono zake zapasi (hafu ya tungsten pera). Ivyo ŵakasanga ivi vikapangiska kuti pachokopachoko molybdenum yinjire mu malo gha tungsten mu vitsulo vinandi ivyo ŵakapanga. Pakwamba kwa Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose, ferrotungsten yikamba kusoŵa, ndipo kukhumba tungsten kukakura comene, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵantu ŵambe kugwiliskira nchito molybdenum mu vitsulo vyakukhora comene ndiposo vyambura kukhwaskika. Chifukwa chakuti molybdenum wakamba kuzirwa chomene mu ŵasilikari, maboma pa charu chose ghakamba kumuwona kuti ni chisulo chakuzirwa chomene. Kukwambilira kwa vilimika vya m’ma 1900, ŵanthu ŵakamba kugwiliskira ntchito molybdenum ndipo ŵakamba kupanga vigeŵenga vya rocket ivyo vikuzizipizga kutentha chomene na kupanga vinthu vyapachanya nga ni tungsten na molybdenum alloys. Molybdenum wakagwiliskirikangaso ntchito chomene mu vigaŵa vyapachanya vya ngalaŵa za nkhondo, ma roketi, na vipangizo vyapachanya.
Ma aloyi gha molybdenum, ghambura -aloyi ghakupangika na molybdenum pamoza na vinthu vinyake, ghali na vigaŵa vinyake vyakuzirwa nga ni titanium, zirconium, hafnium, tungsten, na vinthu vinyake vyambura kumanyikwa. Ma alloy agha ghakupereka nkhongono yiwemi chomene yakuchitiska kutentha, magesi ghawemi chomene, na kukura kwakuchepa kwa kutentha. Iwo ŵakulongora nkhongono zapadera pa nyengo yakutentha comene, kufuma pa 1100 m’paka 1650℃, ndipo ŵakupereka katundu wakunozga comene pakuyaniska na tungsten. Ntheura, molybdenum alloys yikugwiriskirika nchito comene mu vigaŵa vinandi, kusazgapo kupanga ma gridi na ma anode gha machubu gha magesi, vinthu vyakovwira pa magesi, kufwa -kuponya na kufumiska, na kuzenga vigaŵa vikuru vya ndege za mlengalenga.
Ndipouli, apo Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose yikamara, ŵanthu ŵakamba kukhumba molybdenum comene. Kuti ŵamazge suzgo ili, ŵamalonda ŵakakhumbikwiranga mwaluŵiro kupenja nthowa ziphya zakugwiriskira nchito. Mwamwaŵi, chitsulo chiphya cha low-molybdenum alloy chikazomerezgeka mu mafakitale gha magalimoto, ndipo chikaŵa chimanyikwiro cha nyengo yiphya mu kafukufuku na kupanga molybdenum mu malo nga ni chisulo. Kuumaliro wa vilimika vya m'ma 1930, molybdenum wakagwiriskirika nchito chomene nga ni vyakupangira mu mafakitale ghakupambanapambana, ndipo wakawovwira chomene pa kukuzga msika wa molybdenum-uwo uli na vitsulo vyakugwiriskira ntchito. Pamanyuma pa-Kuyezgayezga kuzengaso kwa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose kukakhozgeraso kafukufuku na kupanga msika mu mafakitale gha molybdenum.
Mpaka sono, chisulo cha aloyi, chisulo chambura zimbiri, chisulo cha vipangizo, na chisulo chakuponyeka ndivyo vikulutilira kugwiriskirika nchito chomene pa molybdenum. Nangauli vili nthena, chifukwa chakuti vinthu vya tekinoloje vikulutilira kukura ndiposo chifukwa chakuti mafakitale ghakulutilira kukura, tikugomezga kuti ŵanthu ŵalutilirenge kugwiliskira ntchito molybdenum, ndipo ivi viwovwirenge chomene kuti ŵanthu ŵalutilire kwenda makora.
Molybdenum, chinthu chakuzirwa chomene, chikusangika chomene mu granite mu chigaŵa cha charu chapasi. Malo ghake gha mineral ghakuŵa ghambura kusuzga, chomenechomene ghakupangika na sulfide ores. Pakuti nchito iyi njakuzirwa comene pa kupanga vilwero vya nkhondo, vyaru vikuruvikuru pa caru cose vyasankha kuti yiŵe malo ghakuzirwa ghakusungirako mchere. Nthowa zakusungirako migodi zikupangika kuti charu chiŵe chakuvikilirika na kusungamo migodi iyo yikusoŵa chomene mu charu chane. Pasono, vyaru 10 pa charu chose chapasi vyakhazikiska ndondomeko yiwemi yakusungiramo mchere. charu chane chikujilumba kuti chili na molybdenum yinandi, ndipo yose pamoza yikukwana matani 8.6 miliyoni (ghakupimika mu molybdenum), ndipo pa matani agha, matani gha mafakitale ghakukwana pafupifupi 3.5 miliyoni, ndipo ghali pa malo ghachiŵiri pa charu chose. Vinthu ivi ni vikuru pera yayi ndipo vikugaŵika chomene, kweni vikuwonekaso na malo ghakuru-ghakusungika na vinthu vyambura kunyang’amira, ivyo vikusangika mwaluŵiro, ivyo vikukhwaska chomene msika wa molybdenum pa charu chose. North America nayo yikujilumba kuti yili na vinthu vinandi vya molybdenum. Nchakuzirwa kumanya kuti nthowa yakulongozgera vinthu vya molybdenum mu charu chane njapachanya chomene kuluska nthowa yakulongozgera vyakumera vyakusowa. Unduna wa vyakumera pa nyengo yasono ukunozga kuti uŵike molybdenum kuŵa mchere wakuvikilirika, kukhazikiska ndondomeko yose ya migodi na kupharazga vigaŵa vyakuyana vya migodi. Kusuntha uku kukulongora kuti molybdenum wazamuŵa chinthu chinyake chapadera, kuphatikizga golide, tungsten, thini, antimony, na vinthu vyambura kumanyikwa, kuti ŵapokere chivikiliro chapadera na kulaŵilirika na boma.
